In this second edition, we open the doors to the City Labs not as static case studies, but as living laboratories where ideas are tested, challenged, and transformed into action. NBSINFRA developed five booklets that are more than summaries of activities from each City Labs. Each one takes you inside a different European territory, revealing its history, its vulnerabilities, and, above all, its ambition to rethink the relationship between nature and the city.

What can you expect as you turn their pages? A journey through context and complexity, from cultural landscapes to pressing climate risks, followed by a clear-eyed analysis of existing Nature-Based Solutions (NBS). You will see what has already taken root, what is emerging, and what still needs to be imagined. Each booklet maps not only solutions, but processes: who was involved, how decisions were shaped, and how local knowledge met scientific expertise.

At the heart of every City Lab lies a shared methodology. NBSINFRA is not about imposing ready-made answers; it is about building them together. The five-stage participatory framework, from co-diagnosis to co-amplification, ensures that solutions are socially grounded and technically robust. Challenges are first understood collectively. Ideas are co-designed across disciplines. Implementation is shared. Results are monitored and refined. And when something works, it does not stay local: it is amplified and replicated across Europe. Each City Lab contributes to one or more of these stages, turning theory into tangible progress. Together, they are forging a distinctly European pathway toward resilient, sustainable, and inclusive urban futures.

The booklets also spotlight best practices not as abstract guidelines, but as tested approaches that others can adapt.

Taken together, these booklets form a mosaic of practice across Europe. They show NBS are not a single recipe, but a process that is adaptive, participatory, and rooted in place. As you explore each City Lab, you will discover what has been done, how it was achieved and perhaps glimpse how these lessons can travel beyond their borders.

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Elisabete Teixeira

NBSINFRA Project Coordinator

City Labs Booklets: stories from the ground
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In Fingal, the story is one of connection: digital and human. Advanced tools such as ArcGIS StoryMaps and spatial simulations meet community workshops and negotiation methods. Flood resilience is not just modelled; it is discussed, debated, and understood collectively. Tracking how solutions evolve through participation proves just as important as the solutions themselves.
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In Cologne, the narrative centers on seeing the city differently. Mapping becomes a strategic act. By layering official datasets, spatial analysis, and landscape assessment, the Cologne City Lab demonstrates how green and grey infrastructures can work in tandem. Even solutions not originally designed for specific hazards reveal unexpected protective benefits. The lesson? Evaluation must go beyond technical feasibility to measure co-benefits, and to guard against maladaptation.
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Ruse brings precision to the forefront. Through an innovative land cover and land use classification system aligned with ISO standards, and supported by tools such as Copernicus and Sentinel-2, the City Lab shows how rigorous data and AI-supported monitoring strengthen reliability and replicability. Here, scalability is not an afterthought; it is built into the methodology.
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Aveiro reminds us that even the most sophisticated models depend on trust. Robust data, historical territorial analysis, and careful validation underpin its modelling work. Yet, stakeholder engagement is treated with equal seriousness. Early collaboration with local authorities, transparent communication, and the inclusion of vulnerable groups ensure that solutions are not only technically sound, but socially embraced.
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Prague offers a glimpse into the buildings of the future. Green roofs, biosolar systems, water retention technologies, and greywater reuse are not experimental add-ons. They are integrated strategies that cool cities, manage stormwater, and boost biodiversity. The Prague City Lab demonstrates how climate adaptation can be embedded directly into the urban fabric, building by building.
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Funded by the European Union. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or REA. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them.

Nature-Based Solutions for a Secure Tomorrow
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